| Web
page representing recent New Zealand Lectures: March, 2002 |
| In
Christchurch, NZ: Monday, March 11 |
| In
Auckland, NZ: Monday, March 25 |
Women's
Earnings Gaps Among Individual Countries
United States --
Australia -- Canada -- New Zealand
-- United Kingdom |
| United
States Median Annual Earnings of Full-time, Year-round
Workers1 |
| Year |
|
|
|
|
'60 |
'61 |
'62 |
'63 |
'64 |
'65 |
'66 |
'67 |
'68 |
| Men |
White |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
33944 |
34778 |
| Men |
All Races |
|
|
|
27774 |
28681 |
29226 |
29981 |
30665 |
31118 |
32449 |
32962 |
33868 |
| Women |
All Races |
|
|
|
16851 |
16993 |
17330 |
17636 |
18138 |
18648 |
18676 |
19047 |
19696 |
| Ratio with |
White Men |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.56113 |
0.566335 |
| Ratio with |
All Men |
|
|
|
0.606719 |
0.592483 |
0.592965 |
0.588239 |
0.591489 |
0.599267 |
0.575549 |
0.577847 |
0.581552 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year |
'69 |
'70 |
'71 |
'72 |
'73 |
'74 |
'75 |
'76 |
'77 |
'78 |
'79 |
'80 |
'81 |
| M-white |
36940 |
37205 |
37336 |
39748 |
40648 |
38899 |
38697 |
38742 |
39699 |
39478 |
39138 |
38780 |
38287 |
| M-all |
35751 |
36168 |
36331 |
38280 |
39483 |
38080 |
37820 |
37737 |
38555 |
38824 |
38304 |
37676 |
37462 |
| W-all |
21045 |
21472 |
21619 |
22150 |
22360 |
22374 |
22245 |
22715 |
22718 |
23077 |
22853 |
22666 |
22191 |
| R-white |
0.569708 |
0.577127 |
0.579039 |
0.557261 |
0.550089 |
0.575182 |
0.574851 |
0.586315 |
0.572256 |
0.584553 |
0.583908 |
0.584477 |
0.579596 |
| R-all |
0.588655 |
0.593674 |
0.595057 |
0.578631 |
0.56632 |
0.587553 |
0.588181 |
0.601929 |
0.589236 |
0.5944 |
0.596622 |
0.601603 |
0.59236 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year |
'82 |
'83 |
'84 |
'85 |
'86 |
'87 |
'88 |
'89 |
'90 |
'91 |
'92 |
'93 |
'94 |
| M-white |
37654 |
37497 |
38422 |
38804 |
39411 |
38906 |
38345 |
38346 |
36814 |
37021 |
36640 |
35844 |
35521 |
| M-all |
36730 |
36600 |
37229 |
37462 |
38391 |
38051 |
37539 |
36721 |
35280 |
35988 |
35858 |
35057 |
34685 |
| W-all |
22679 |
23725 |
23699 |
24191 |
24678 |
24801 |
24794 |
25217 |
25267 |
25140 |
25382 |
25073 |
24962 |
| R-white |
0.6023 |
0.632717 |
0.616808 |
0.623415 |
0.62617 |
0.63746 |
0.646603 |
0.657617 |
0.686342 |
0.679074 |
0.69274 |
0.699503 |
0.702739 |
| R-all |
0.617452 |
0.648224 |
0.636574 |
0.645748 |
0.642807 |
0.651783 |
0.660486 |
0.686719 |
0.716185 |
0.698566 |
0.707848 |
0.715207 |
0.719677 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year |
'95 |
'96 |
'97 |
'98 |
'99 |
'00 |
'01 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| M-white |
35170 |
35004 |
35351 |
36971 |
37248 |
38870 |
39843 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| M-all |
34431 |
34131 |
34945 |
36126 |
36476 |
37339 |
38275 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| W-all |
24593 |
25176 |
25922 |
26433 |
26342 |
27352 |
29215 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| R-white |
0.699261 |
0.719232 |
0.733275 |
0.714966 |
0.707206 |
0.703679 |
0.733253 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| R-all |
0.714269 |
0.737629 |
0.741794 |
0.731689 |
0.722173 |
0.732532 |
0.763292 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
R-white,
R-all ratios equal all women's earnings divided by white men's,
all men's earnings respectively.
1Sources: Historical Income Tables-People, Table
P-38 and Table P-38a, U.S. Census Bureau, U. S. Dept. of Commerce,
April. 11, 2002. Web Sources: http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/p38.html
and http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/p38a.html
|
|
| |
| Australia -- Average Weekly Total
Earnings1 |
| Year |
'82 |
'83 |
84 |
'85 |
'86 |
'87 |
'88 |
'89 |
'90 |
'91 |
'92 |
'93 |
'94 |
| M-ft |
347 |
375 |
415.7 |
435.5 |
465.9 |
497.4 |
532.4 |
568.7 |
613.3 |
632.7 |
665.5 |
679.6 |
705.9 |
| W-ft |
263.5 |
288.2 |
324.2 |
343.1 |
364.9 |
393.1 |
419.5 |
445.3 |
483 |
512.4 |
531.2 |
545.6 |
566.7 |
| Ratio |
0.759366 |
0.768533 |
0.779889 |
0.78783 |
0.783215 |
0.79031 |
0.787941 |
0.783014 |
0.787543 |
0.809862 |
0.798197 |
0.802825 |
0.802805 |
| Year |
'95 |
'96 |
'97 |
'98 |
'99 |
'00 |
'01 |
'02 |
|
|
|
|
|
| M-ft |
743 |
774.2 |
795.8 |
829.9 |
854.4 |
887.7 |
920.1 |
-- |
|
|
|
|
|
| W-ft |
589.8 |
607.9 |
634.8 |
660.6 |
683.5 |
716 |
750.3 |
-- |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ratio |
0.793809 |
0.785198 |
0.797688 |
0.796 |
0.799977 |
0.806579 |
0.815455 |
-------- |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios
estimated by dividing women's average weekly total earnings
by comparable men's. M-ft, W-ft indicate men & women working
full time.
1Sources: Year Book Australia -- 1985,1990,1996,2001-02.
Website: http://www.abs.gov.au |
Canada
-- Average Annual Earnings by Gender1
| Year |
'82 |
'83 |
'84 |
'85 |
'86 |
'87 |
'88 |
'89 |
'90 |
'91 |
'92 |
'93 |
'94 |
| -M-ft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
43664 |
43320 |
43736 |
42898 |
44121 |
| F-ft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29599 |
30127 |
31444 |
30999 |
30804 |
| Ratio |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.677 |
0.697 |
0.719 |
0.723 |
0.698 |
| Year |
'95 |
'96 |
'97 |
'98 |
'99 |
'00 |
'01 |
'02 |
|
|
|
|
|
| M-ft |
43078 |
42630 |
44571 |
45859 |
54800 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| W-ft |
31500 |
31141 |
31018 |
33122 |
32026 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ratio |
0.731 |
0.73 |
0.696 |
0.722 |
0.69 |
---------- |
---------- |
---------- |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios
represent Women's by Men's Earnings. Earnings in constant
1999 dollars. M-ft, W-ft indicate men & women working
full time.
1Source: Statistics Canada, Income Statistics Division.
Website: http://www.statcan.ca/ |
New
Zealand -- Average Weekly Total Earnings1
| Year |
'82 |
'83 |
'84 |
'85 |
'86 |
'87 |
'88 |
'89 |
'90 |
'91 |
'92 |
'93 |
'94 |
| M-ft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
567.23 |
603.89 |
622.4 |
640.09 |
647.35 |
654.29 |
| W-ft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
423.14 |
446.26 |
466.4 |
479.37 |
480.33 |
486.3 |
| Ratio* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.745976 |
0.738976 |
0.749357 |
0.74891 |
0.741994 |
0.743248 |
| Year |
'95 |
'96 |
'97 |
'98 |
'99 |
'00 |
'01 |
'02 |
|
|
|
|
|
| M-ft |
672.77 |
692.55 |
714.18 |
724.94 |
743.79 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
|
|
|
|
| W-ft |
497.75 |
511.49 |
533.02 |
547.15 |
563.73 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ratio* |
0.739852 |
0.73856 |
0.746338 |
0.754752 |
0.757916 |
---------- |
---------- |
---------- |
|
|
|
|
|
*Ratios
estimated by dividing women's average weekly total earnings
by comparable men's
1Source: New Zealand Official Yearbook 2000. M-ft,
W-ft indicate men & women working full time. |
New
Zealand -- Average Annual Disposable, Gross, & Market Income2
|
Year |
1982 |
1986 |
1991 |
1996 |
| Women's
Ave. Disposable Income as a ratio of Men's |
0.51 |
0.55 |
0.58 |
0.58 |
| Women's
Ave. Gross Income as a ratio of Men's |
0.44 |
0.49 |
0.54 |
0.54 |
| Women's
Ave. Market Income as a ratio of Men's |
0.431 |
0.45 |
0.485 |
0.487 |
| 2Source:
Figure 3.13, Average Personal Gross Income by Sex, 1982-1996
and Figure 3.14, Average Personal Disposal Income by Sex, 1982-1996,
New Zealand Now Incomes -- 1999 ---, p. 46-47, Statistics New
Zealand. Website: http://www.stats.govt.nz |
United
Kingdom -- Average Gross Hourly Earnings (Including overtime)1
| Year |
'82 |
'83 |
'84 |
'85 |
'86 |
'87 |
'88 |
'89 |
'90 |
'91 |
'92 |
'93 |
'94 |
| M-ft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| F-ft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ratio |
0.72000 |
0.72300 |
0.73400 |
0.73800 |
0.74100 |
0.73700 |
0.75200 |
0.76500 |
0.77100 |
0.78300 |
0.79300 |
0.79400 |
0.80000 |
| Year |
'95 |
'96 |
'97 |
'98 |
'99 |
'00 |
'01 |
'02 |
|
|
|
|
|
| M-ft |
|
|
|
10.26 |
|
11.97 |
11.00 |
-- |
|
|
|
|
|
| W-ft |
|
|
|
8.22 |
|
9.76 |
8.98 |
-- |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ratio |
0.80200 |
0.80400 |
0.80900 |
0.80700 |
0.81600 |
0.82000 |
0.82000 |
---------- |
|
|
|
|
|
Ratios indicate females working full-time as a fraction of male
full-time hourly earnings.
1Sources: The Gender Pay Gap: A Research Review.
Author: Grimshaw, D., Rubery, J. Year Published:
2001 ISBN number: 1842060600. Research Discussion
Series, Equal Opportunity Comission. E.O.C.
Research Website. Facts About Women and Men in
Great Britain 2002, 2001; Women and Men in Britain: Pay and
Income, 1999. E.O.C. Website: Statistics
About Men and Women in Great Britain. |
|
| |
Women's
Earnings Gaps Among Constellations of Countries |
| |
|
Europe -- European Earnings Gaps Favoring Men for Full-time,
Year-round Workers1 |
| |
Average
Gross Hourly Earnings (Overtime Included), 1995 Data |
| Countries* |
NL |
PO |
UK |
ES |
FR |
DW |
FI |
DK |
SW |
| Full-time,
Women's ratio** |
0.706
|
0.715 |
0.737 |
0.741 |
0.766 |
0.769 |
0.815 |
0.831
|
0.87 |
*Netherlands,
Portuagal, United Kingdom, Spain, France, Germany, Finland,
Denmark, Sweden.
**Ratios indicate females working full-time as a ratio of male
full-time earnings.
1Source: “The Gender Pay Gap: A Research Review”,
Damian Grimshaw & Jill Rubery: gender_pay_gap_research_review_report.pd,
Equal Opportunities Commission, 2001, ISBN 1 84206 060 0. E.O.C.
Research Website |
|
| |
| Canada
_ United States Average Annual Earnings
for Full-time, Year-Round Workers1 |
| Year |
'90 |
'91 |
'92 |
'93 |
'94 |
'95 |
'96 |
'97 |
'98 |
'99 |
| CA Women-ft
ratios* |
0.716 |
0.699 |
0.708 |
0.715 |
0.72 |
0.714 |
0.738 |
0.742 |
0.732 |
0.722 |
| US Women-ft
ratios* |
0.677 |
0.697 |
0.719 |
0.723 |
0.698 |
0.731 |
0.73 |
0.696 |
0.722 |
0.699 |
*Indicates
women's earnings as a ratio of men's full-time earnings.
Canadian earnings include both paid and self-employment.
1Sources: Historical Income Tables-People,
Table P-38a, U.S. Census Bureau, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, April
11, 2002; Statistics Canada, Income Statistics Division, SCF
& SLID Data.
US Web: http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/p38.html
Canadian Web: http://www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/labor01a.htm |
|
| |
|
Australia_New Zealand Average Weekly Earnings
as Ratios of Comparable Men's Earnings1 |
| Year |
'87 |
'88 |
'89 |
'90 |
'91 |
'92 |
'93 |
'94 |
| | |
